ISSN Number
In
all aspects of life, we need to be able to uniquely identify something. In
Scientific publishing for uniquely identifying we use DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) which provides a unique way to identify a paper and an ORCID (Open
Researcher and Contributor ID) identifier to identify a single author. An ISSN is just another form of unique
identifier which identifies a form of electronic or print media. An ISSN will be unique to a specific journal.
If two journals have the same name, or almost the same name, which is a tactic
used by some predatory journals to try and trick researchers into submitting
their journal, they can be identified as separate based on the IISN. No two journals cannot have the same ISSN.
An
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit serial number
used to uniquely identify a serial publication, such as a magazine or journal.
The ISSN helps to distinguish between serials with the same title.
There
is difference between an ISBN and an ISSN. The ISBN is International Standard
Book Number and it identifies editions of books. The ISSN is used for serials
(such as journals, magazines and newspapers).
For example, on an annual, the ISBN will identify a specific volume of
book (e.g. 2017 edition) while ISSN identifies the title and stays the same
each year.
The
ISSN system is managed by an international centre in Paris. They take
responsibility for assigning ISSNs in France and also for countries that do not
have their own national centre. There is
a network of more than 80 centres across the world who take responsibility for
assigning ISSN’s in their respective countries.
When
a serial with the same content is published in more than one media type, a
different ISSN is assigned to each media type. For example, many serials are
published both in print and electronic media. The ISSN system refers to these
types as print ISSN (p-ISSN) and electronic ISSN (e-ISSN), respectively. ISSN-L is a unique identifier for all
versions of the serial containing the same content across different media. The
ISSN-L is one of a serial's existing ISSNs, it is based on the ISSN of the
first published medium version of the publication. If the print and online
versions of the publication are published at the same time, the ISSN of the
print version is chosen as the basis of the ISSN-L.
A
journal may continue to publish eith with or without ISSN. Not having an ISSN does not mean that the
journal is better or worse, although there is an impression that a journal with
an ISSN has some mark of quality about it.
Guidelines for requesting an ISSN
·
Applying and obtaining an ISSN is free.
·
An ISSN can be revoked if it is shown that
misleading information was provided at the time it was requested.
·
ISSNs are assigned for certain categories
of print/electronic media, including serials, journals and magazines.
·
Books cannot be assigned an ISSN. They
require an ISBN.
·
We can get ISSN assigned once we give
proof of publication, for online publications, an ISSN can only be assigned
after the first issue has been released.
·
There should be a minimum of five
editorial board members.
·
Official postal and email addresses should
be provided. The emails should have an institutional domain and personal email
addresses (such as Yahoo and Gmail) should be avoided.
·
An ISSN can be withdrawn if plagiarism is
detected.
·
The name and complete postal address
(specifically India) of the publisher must be displayed on the publication or
publication website.
The standard way to display (or
print) an ISSN is:
·
ISSN followed by a space
·
The first for digits
·
A hyphen
·
The last four digits
For
example, (without the quotes when displaying/printing), “ISSN 1476-4687”, which
is the ISSN for the journal Nature.
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Science citation
index
There
are three strategies that are commonly used to find materials on research
1. Following references back to other work: We
look through the documents (books, articles) that we already know about to find
references ("citations") made by their authors to other, former
works. We try to get and read those
works too.
2. Bibliographies and indexing services: We
search through bibliographies or abstracting/indexing services, using subject
words.
3. Consult a subject expert: We talk to a
researcher or scholar who knows the area, and who advises us of what
authors/researchers we should be familiar with.
4. Citation indexing - A citation index is a
kind of bibliographic index, an index of citations between publications,
allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier
documents.
Citation
indexing makes links between books and articles that were written in the past
and articles that make reference to ("cite") these older
publications. In other words, it is a
technique that allows us to trace the use of an idea (an earlier document)
forward to others who have used ("cited") it. The evidence that we take as indicating this
"relationship" between earlier research and subsequent research are
the references or footnotes or endnotes (citations) in the more recent work.
Problems
with the first strategy is that they can direct us to research literature that
is older than these articles. If we are
reading a 1995 article, we will find references in it which are published prior
to 1995. The same problem with much of
the bibliographic literature too: unless a bibliography is a recurrent
publication, or is made available online in a continuously updated fashion, it
cannot maintain entries for very recently published research materials.
The
third method of going to a scholar is a good approach, but it is not generally
available to most of researchers. This
form of inquiry depends on the professional/academic relationship with the
scholar.
So
there is a fourth technique that can be employed to locate recent research
which is known as citation indexing.
This is like an informational "ancestry" of a current idea as
it is expressed in the literature. That
ancestry is noted by the author of the current idea (his journal article)
through his citations. It allows to follow a a concept's or idea's or
methodology's use by other scholars.
Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), the company that makes
citation indexing services, have built a database of current articles coming
from thousands of journals that it selects to use for this purpose.
In
other words, if you know that Author A wrote a very important research article
in 1995, you can search ISI's citation index to get a list of recent journal
articles have cited this 1995 work. For example, if author B and author C have
cited ‘Author A 1995 work’ in 2002 and author C have cited ‘Author A 1995 work’
in 2020, we can see this. This is how
citation indexing works: you know about an author (or more specifically, an
author's particular article that has already been published) and you use ISI's
citation index to find out who has cited that work recently.
The
Science Citation Index (SCI) is a citation index originally produced by the
Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and created by Eugene Garfield. It
was officially launched in 1964 and is now owned by Clarivate Analytics. SCI does not attempt to cover all
publications in the sciences. Its coverage is limited to about 3600 journals,
plus some books and conference proceedings.
Journals are selected based on citation statistics such as impact factor
and thus indexes the most important journals.
Its
larger version is Science Citation Index Expanded. It covers more than 9,200 notable and
significant journals, across 178 disciplines, from 1900 to the present. These
are world's leading journals of science and technology.
The
index is made available online through different platforms, such as the Web of
Science and SciSearch. There are also CD and printed editions, covering a
smaller number of journals. Thomson
Reuters also markets several subsets of this database, termed "Specialty
Citation Indexes" such as the Neuroscience Citation Index and the
Chemistry Citation Index.
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Impact factor and importance
Impact
factor is commonly used to evaluate the relative importance of a journal within
its field and to measure the frequency with which the “average article” in a
journal has been cited in a particular time period. Journal which publishes
more review articles will get highest IFs.
It was first introduced by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute
for Scientific Information. Journals
with higher IFs believed to be more important than those with lower ones.
According to Eugene Garfield “impact simply reflects the ability of the
journals and editors to attract the best paper available.” Journal which
publishes more review articles will get maximum IFs.
Impact
factor can be calculated after completing minimum of 3 years of
publication. So journal IF cannot be calculated
for new journals. The journal with the highest IF is the one that published the
most commonly cited articles over a 2-year period.
In
a given year, the IF of a journal is the average number of citations received
per article published in that journal during the 2 preceding years. IFs are
calculated each year by Thomson scientific and are published in Journal
Citation Reports.
For
example, if a journal has an IF of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006
and 2007 received three citations each on average in 2008. The 2008 IFs are
actually published in 2009; they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008
publications have been processed by the indexing agency (Thomson Reuters).
The
IF of any journal may be calculated by the formula;
2012
impact factor =A/B
Where
A is the number of times articles published in 2010 and 2011 were cited by
indexed journals during 2012. B is the total number of citable items like
articles and reviews published by that journal in 2010 and 2011.
H
index
The h index is a metric for evaluating the cumulative impact of an author's scholarly
output and performance. It
measures quantity with quality by comparing publications to citations. For any
author, some publications might be highly cited while some other publications may
not have any citation at all. The h
index corrects for the disproportionate weight of highly cited publications or
publications that have not yet been cited.
The h index was proposed by J.E. Hirsch in 2005. It gives estimate of
the importance, significance, and broad impact of a scientist’s cumulative
research contributions.
It
is calculated as number of papers (h) that have received at least h citations.
For
example, an h index of 10 means that among all publications by one author, 10
of these publications have received at least 10 citations each.
i10-Index
i10
index is the number of publications by an author with at least 10 citations.
This very simple measure is only used by Google Scholar.
References
https://ucsd.libguides.com/c.php?g=704382&p=5000890
https://beckerguides.wustl.edu/authors/hindex
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150161/
https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/essays/concept-citation-indexing/
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